Emacs Lisp

Menu

• Introduction
• Lisp Data Types
• Numbers
• Strings and Characters
• Lists
• Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors
• Records
• Hash Tables
• Symbols
• Evaluation
• Control Structures
• Variables
• Functions
• Macros
• Customization Settings
• Loading
• Byte Compilation
• Compilation of Lisp to Native Code
• Debugging Lisp Programs
• Reading and Printing Lisp Objects
• Minibuffers
• Command Loop
• Keymaps
• Major and Minor Modes
• Documentation
• Files
• Backups and Auto-Saving
• Buffers
• Windows
• Frames
• Positions
• Markers
• Text
• Non-ASCII Characters
• Searching and Matching
• Syntax Tables
• Parsing Program Source
• Abbrevs and Abbrev Expansion
• Threads
• Processes
• Emacs Display
• Operating System Interface
• Preparing Lisp code for distribution
• Emacs 28 Antinews
• GNU Free Documentation License
• GNU General Public License
• Tips and Conventions
• GNU Emacs Internals
• Standard Errors
• Standard Keymaps
• Standard Hooks
• Index
• Caveats
• Lisp History
• Conventions
• Version Information
• Acknowledgments
• Some Terms
• nil and t
• Evaluation Notation
• Printing Notation
• Error Messages
• Buffer Text Notation
• Format of Descriptions
• A Sample Function Description
• A Sample Variable Description
• Printed Representation and Read Syntax
• Special Read Syntax
• Comments
• Programming Types
• Editing Types
• Read Syntax for Circular Objects
• Type Predicates
• Equality Predicates
• Mutability
• Integer Type
• Floating-Point Type
• Character Type
• Symbol Type
• Sequence Types
• Cons Cell and List Types
• Array Type
• String Type
• Vector Type
• Char-Table Type
• Bool-Vector Type
• Hash Table Type
• Function Type
• Macro Type
• Primitive Function Type
• Byte-Code Function Type
• Record Type
• Type Descriptors
• Autoload Type
• Finalizer Type
• Basic Char Syntax
• General Escape Syntax
• Control-Character Syntax
• Meta-Character Syntax
• Other Character Modifier Bits
• Drawing Lists as Box Diagrams
• Dotted Pair Notation
• Association List Type
• Syntax for Strings
• Non-ASCII Characters in Strings
• Nonprinting Characters in Strings
• Text Properties in Strings
• Buffer Type
• Marker Type
• Window Type
• Frame Type
• Terminal Type
• Window Configuration Type
• Frame Configuration Type
• Process Type
• Thread Type
• Mutex Type
• Condition Variable Type
• Stream Type
• Keymap Type
• Overlay Type
• Font Type
• Xwidget Type
• Integer Basics
• Floating-Point Basics
• Type Predicates for Numbers
• Comparison of Numbers
• Numeric Conversions
• Arithmetic Operations
• Rounding Operations
• Bitwise Operations on Integers
• Standard Mathematical Functions
• Random Numbers
• String and Character Basics
• Predicates for Strings
• Creating Strings
• Modifying Strings
• Comparison of Characters and Strings
• Conversion of Characters and Strings
• Formatting Strings
• Case Conversion in Lisp
• The Case Table
• Lists and Cons Cells
• Predicates on Lists
• Accessing Elements of Lists
• Building Cons Cells and Lists
• Modifying List Variables
• Modifying Existing List Structure
• Using Lists as Sets
• Association Lists
• Property Lists
• Altering List Elements with setcar
• Altering the CDR of a List
• Functions that Rearrange Lists
• Property Lists and Association Lists
• Property Lists Outside Symbols
• Sequences
• Arrays
• Functions that Operate on Arrays
• Vectors
• Functions for Vectors
• Char-Tables
• Bool-vectors
• Managing a Fixed-Size Ring of Objects
• Record Functions
• Backward Compatibility
• Creating Hash Tables
• Hash Table Access
• Defining Hash Comparisons
• Other Hash Table Functions
• Symbol Components
• Defining Symbols
• Creating and Interning Symbols
• Symbol Properties
• Shorthands
• Symbols with Position
• Accessing Symbol Properties
• Standard Symbol Properties
• Introduction to Evaluation
• Kinds of Forms
• Quoting
• Backquote
• Eval
• Deferred and Lazy Evaluation
• Self-Evaluating Forms
• Symbol Forms
• Classification of List Forms
• Symbol Function Indirection
• Evaluation of Function Forms
• Lisp Macro Evaluation
• Special Forms
• Autoloading
• Sequencing
• Conditionals
• Constructs for Combining Conditions
• Pattern-Matching Conditional
• Iteration
• Generators
• Nonlocal Exits
• Explicit Nonlocal Exits: catch and throw
• Examples of catch and throw
• Errors
• Cleaning Up from Nonlocal Exits
• How to Signal an Error
• How Emacs Processes Errors
• Writing Code to Handle Errors
• Error Symbols and Condition Names
• Global Variables
• Variables that Never Change
• Local Variables
• When a Variable is Void
• Defining Global Variables
• Tips for Defining Variables Robustly
• Accessing Variable Values
• Setting Variable Values
• Running a function when a variable is changed.
• Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings
• Buffer-Local Variables
• File Local Variables
• Directory Local Variables
• Connection Local Variables
• Variable Aliases
• Variables with Restricted Values
• Generalized Variables
• Multisession Variables
• Dynamic Binding
• Proper Use of Dynamic Binding
• Lexical Binding
• Using Lexical Binding
• Converting to Lexical Binding
• Introduction to Buffer-Local Variables
• Creating and Deleting Buffer-Local Bindings
• The Default Value of a Buffer-Local Variable
• The setf Macro
• Defining new setf forms
• Multisession Variables
• What Is a Function?
• Lambda Expressions
• Naming a Function
• Defining Functions
• Calling Functions
• Mapping Functions
• Anonymous Functions
• Generic Functions
• Accessing Function Cell Contents
• Closures
• Open Closures
• Advising Emacs Lisp Functions
• Declaring Functions Obsolete
• Inline Functions
• The declare Form
• Telling the Compiler that a Function is Defined
• Determining whether a Function is Safe to Call
• Other Topics Related to Functions
• Components of a Lambda Expression
• A Simple Lambda Expression Example
• Features of Argument Lists
• Documentation Strings of Functions
• Primitives to manipulate advices
• Advising Named Functions
• Ways to compose advice
• Adapting code using the old defadvice
• Advice and Byte Code
• A Simple Example of a Macro
• Expansion of a Macro Call
• Macros and Byte Compilation
• Defining Macros
• Common Problems Using Macros
• Indenting Macros
• Wrong Time
• Evaluating Macro Arguments Repeatedly
• Local Variables in Macro Expansions
• Evaluating Macro Arguments in Expansion
• How Many Times is the Macro Expanded?
• Common Item Keywords
• Defining Customization Groups
• Defining Customization Variables
• Customization Types
• Applying Customizations
• Custom Themes
• Simple Types
• Composite Types
• Splicing into Lists
• Type Keywords
• Defining New Types
• How Programs Do Loading
• Load Suffixes
• Library Search
• Loading Non-ASCII Characters
• Autoload
• Repeated Loading
• Features
• Which File Defined a Certain Symbol
• Unloading
• Hooks for Loading
• Emacs Dynamic Modules
• Performance of Byte-Compiled Code
• Byte-Compilation Functions
• Documentation Strings and Compilation
• Dynamic Loading of Individual Functions
• Evaluation During Compilation
• Compiler Errors
• Byte-Code Function Objects
• Disassembled Byte-Code
• Native-Compilation Functions
• Native-Compilation Variables
• The Lisp Debugger
• Edebug
• Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax
• Test Coverage
• Profiling
• Entering the Debugger on an Error
• Debugging Infinite Loops
• Entering the Debugger on a Function Call
• Entering the debugger when a variable is modified
• Explicit Entry to the Debugger
• Using the Debugger
• Backtraces
• Debugger Commands
• Invoking the Debugger
• Internals of the Debugger
• Using Edebug
• Instrumenting for Edebug
• Edebug Execution Modes
• Jumping
• Miscellaneous Edebug Commands
• Breaks
• Trapping Errors
• Edebug Views
• Evaluation
• Evaluation List Buffer
• Printing in Edebug
• Trace Buffer
• Coverage Testing
• The Outside Context
• Edebug and Macros
• Edebug Options
• Edebug Breakpoints
• Global Break Condition
• Source Breakpoints
• Checking Whether to Stop
• Edebug Display Update
• Edebug Recursive Edit
• Instrumenting Macro Calls
• Specification List
• Backtracking in Specifications
• Specification Examples
• Excess Open Parentheses
• Excess Close Parentheses
• Introduction to Reading and Printing
• Input Streams
• Input Functions
• Output Streams
• Output Functions
• Variables Affecting Output
• Overriding Output Variables
• Introduction to Minibuffers
• Reading Text Strings with the Minibuffer
• Reading Lisp Objects with the Minibuffer
• Minibuffer History
• Initial Input
• Completion
• Yes-or-No Queries
• Asking Multiple-Choice Questions
• Reading a Password
• Minibuffer Commands
• Minibuffer Windows
• Minibuffer Contents
• Recursive Minibuffers
• Inhibiting Interaction
• Minibuffer Miscellany
• Basic Completion Functions
• Completion and the Minibuffer
• Minibuffer Commands that Do Completion
• High-Level Completion Functions
• Reading File Names
• Completion Variables
• Programmed Completion
• Completion in Ordinary Buffers
• Command Loop Overview
• Defining Commands
• Interactive Call
• Distinguish Interactive Calls
• Information from the Command Loop
• Adjusting Point After Commands
• Input Events
• Reading Input
• Special Events
• Waiting for Elapsed Time or Input
• Quitting
• Prefix Command Arguments
• Recursive Editing
• Disabling Commands
• Command History
• Keyboard Macros
• Using interactive
• Code Characters for interactive
• Examples of Using interactive
• Specifying Modes For Commands
• Select among Command Alternatives
• Keyboard Events
• Function Keys
• Mouse Events
• Click Events
• Drag Events
• Button-Down Events
• Repeat Events
• Motion Events
• Focus Events
• Miscellaneous System Events
• Event Examples
• Classifying Events
• Accessing Mouse Events
• Accessing Scroll Bar Events
• Putting Keyboard Events in Strings
• Key Sequence Input
• Reading One Event
• Modifying and Translating Input Events
• Invoking the Input Method
• Quoted Character Input
• Miscellaneous Event Input Features
• Key Sequences
• Keymap Basics
• Format of Keymaps
• Creating Keymaps
• Inheritance and Keymaps
• Prefix Keys
• Active Keymaps
• Searching the Active Keymaps
• Controlling the Active Keymaps
• Key Lookup
• Functions for Key Lookup
• Changing Key Bindings
• Low-Level Key Binding
• Remapping Commands
• Keymaps for Translating Sequences of Events
• Commands for Binding Keys
• Scanning Keymaps
• Menu Keymaps
• Defining Menus
• Menus and the Mouse
• Menus and the Keyboard
• Menu Example
• The Menu Bar
• Tool bars
• Modifying Menus
• Easy Menu
• Simple Menu Items
• Extended Menu Items
• Menu Separators
• Alias Menu Items
• Hooks
• Major Modes
• Minor Modes
• Mode Line Format
• Imenu
• Font Lock Mode
• Automatic Indentation of code
• Desktop Save Mode
• Running Hooks
• Setting Hooks
• Major Mode Conventions
• How Emacs Chooses a Major Mode
• Getting Help about a Major Mode
• Defining Derived Modes
• Basic Major Modes
• Mode Hooks
• Tabulated List mode
• Generic Modes
• Major Mode Examples
• Conventions for Writing Minor Modes
• Keymaps and Minor Modes
• Defining Minor Modes
• Mode Line Basics
• The Data Structure of the Mode Line
• The Top Level of Mode Line Control
• Variables Used in the Mode Line
• %-Constructs in the Mode Line
• Properties in the Mode Line
• Window Header Lines
• Emulating Mode Line Formatting
• Font Lock Basics
• Search-based Fontification
• Customizing Search-Based Fontification
• Other Font Lock Variables
• Levels of Font Lock
• Precalculated Fontification
• Faces for Font Lock
• Syntactic Font Lock
• Multiline Font Lock Constructs
• Parser-based Font Lock
• Font Lock Multiline
• Region to Fontify after a Buffer Change
• Simple Minded Indentation Engine
• Parser-based Indentation
• SMIE Setup and Features
• Operator Precedence Grammars
• Defining the Grammar of a Language
• Defining Tokens
• Living With a Weak Parser
• Specifying Indentation Rules
• Helper Functions for Indentation Rules
• Sample Indentation Rules
• Customizing Indentation
• Documentation Basics
• Access to Documentation Strings
• Substituting Key Bindings in Documentation
• Text Quoting Style
• Describing Characters for Help Messages
• Help Functions
• Visiting Files
• Saving Buffers
• Reading from Files
• Writing to Files
• File Locks
• Information about Files
• Changing File Names and Attributes
• File Names
• Contents of Directories
• Creating, Copying and Deleting Directories
• Making Certain File Names "Magic"
• File Format Conversion
• Functions for Visiting Files
• Subroutines of Visiting
• Testing Accessibility
• Distinguishing Kinds of Files
• Truenames
• File Attributes
• Extended File Attributes
• Locating Files in Standard Places
• File Name Components
• Absolute and Relative File Names
• Directory Names
• Functions that Expand Filenames
• Generating Unique File Names
• File Name Completion
• Standard File Names
• Overview
• Round-Trip Specification
• Piecemeal Specification
• Backup Files
• Auto-Saving
• Reverting
• Making Backup Files
• Backup by Renaming or by Copying?
• Making and Deleting Numbered Backup Files
• Naming Backup Files
• Buffer Basics
• The Current Buffer
• Buffer Names
• Buffer File Name
• Buffer Modification
• Buffer Modification Time
• Read-Only Buffers
• The Buffer List
• Creating Buffers
• Killing Buffers
• Indirect Buffers
• Swapping Text Between Two Buffers
• The Buffer Gap
• Basic Concepts of Emacs Windows
• Windows and Frames
• Selecting Windows
• Window Sizes
• Resizing Windows
• Preserving Window Sizes
• Splitting Windows
• Deleting Windows
• Recombining Windows
• Cyclic Ordering of Windows
• Buffers and Windows
• Switching to a Buffer in a Window
• Displaying a Buffer in a Suitable Window
• Window History
• Dedicated Windows
• Quitting Windows
• Side Windows
• Atomic Windows
• Windows and Point
• The Window Start and End Positions
• Textual Scrolling
• Vertical Fractional Scrolling
• Horizontal Scrolling
• Coordinates and Windows
• Mouse Window Auto-selection
• Window Configurations
• Window Parameters
• Hooks for Window Scrolling and Changes
• Choosing a Window for Displaying a Buffer
• Action Functions for Buffer Display
• Action Alists for Buffer Display
• Additional Options for Displaying Buffers
• Precedence of Action Functions
• The Zen of Buffer Display
• Displaying Buffers in Side Windows
• Side Window Options and Functions
• Frame Layouts with Side Windows
• Creating Frames
• Multiple Terminals
• Frame Geometry
• Frame Parameters
• Terminal Parameters
• Frame Titles
• Deleting Frames
• Finding All Frames
• Minibuffers and Frames
• Input Focus
• Visibility of Frames
• Raising, Lowering and Restacking Frames
• Frame Configurations
• Child Frames
• Mouse Tracking
• Mouse Position
• Pop-Up Menus
• Dialog Boxes
• Pointer Shape
• Window System Selections
• Yanking Media
• Drag and Drop
• Color Names
• Text Terminal Colors
• X Resources
• Display Feature Testing
• Frame Layout
• Frame Font
• Frame Position
• Frame Size
• Implied Frame Resizing
• Access to Frame Parameters
• Initial Frame Parameters
• Window Frame Parameters
• Geometry
• Basic Parameters
• Position Parameters
• Size Parameters
• Layout Parameters
• Buffer Parameters
• Frame Interaction Parameters
• Mouse Dragging Parameters
• Window Management Parameters
• Cursor Parameters
• Font and Color Parameters
• Point
• Motion
• Excursions
• Narrowing
• Motion by Characters
• Motion by Words
• Motion to an End of the Buffer
• Motion by Text Lines
• Motion by Screen Lines
• Moving over Balanced Expressions
• Skipping Characters
• Overview of Markers
• Predicates on Markers
• Functions that Create Markers
• Information from Markers
• Marker Insertion Types
• Moving Marker Positions
• The Mark
• The Region
• Examining Text Near Point
• Examining Buffer Contents
• Comparing Text
• Inserting Text
• User-Level Insertion Commands
• Deleting Text
• User-Level Deletion Commands
• The Kill Ring
• Undo
• Maintaining Undo Lists
• Filling
• Margins for Filling
• Adaptive Fill Mode
• Auto Filling
• Sorting Text
• Counting Columns
• Indentation
• Case Changes
• Text Properties
• Substituting for a Character Code
• Registers
• Transposition of Text
• Dealing With Compressed Data
• Base 64 Encoding
• Checksum/Hash
• Suspicious Text
• GnuTLS Cryptography
• Database
• Parsing HTML and XML
• Atomic Change Groups
• Change Hooks
• Kill Ring Concepts
• Functions for Killing
• Yanking
• Functions for Yanking
• Low-Level Kill Ring
• Internals of the Kill Ring
• Indentation Primitives
• Indentation Controlled by Major Mode
• Indenting an Entire Region
• Indentation Relative to Previous Lines
• Adjustable Tab Stops
• Indentation-Based Motion Commands
• Examining Text Properties
• Changing Text Properties
• Text Property Search Functions
• Properties with Special Meanings
• Formatted Text Properties
• Stickiness of Text Properties
• Lazy Computation of Text Properties
• Defining Clickable Text
• Defining and Using Fields
• Why Text Properties are not Intervals
• Document Object Model
• Text Representations
• Disabling Multibyte Characters
• Converting Text Representations
• Selecting a Representation
• Character Codes
• Character Properties
• Character Sets
• Scanning for Character Sets
• Translation of Characters
• Coding Systems
• Input Methods
• Locales
• Basic Concepts of Coding Systems
• Encoding and I/O
• Coding Systems in Lisp
• User-Chosen Coding Systems
• Default Coding Systems
• Specifying a Coding System for One Operation
• Explicit Encoding and Decoding
• Terminal I/O Encoding
• Searching for Strings
• Searching and Case
• Regular Expressions
• Regular Expression Searching
• POSIX Regular Expression Searching
• The Match Data
• Search and Replace
• Standard Regular Expressions Used in Editing
• Syntax of Regular Expressions
• Complex Regexp Example
• The rx Structured Regexp Notation
• Regular Expression Functions
• Problems with Regular Expressions
• Special Characters in Regular Expressions
• Character Classes
• Backslash Constructs in Regular Expressions
• Replacing the Text that Matched
• Simple Match Data Access
• Accessing the Entire Match Data
• Saving and Restoring the Match Data
• Syntax Table Concepts
• Syntax Descriptors
• Syntax Table Functions
• Syntax Properties
• Motion and Syntax
• Parsing Expressions
• Syntax Table Internals
• Categories
• Tree-sitter Language Grammar
• Using Tree-sitter Parser
• Retrieving Nodes
• Accessing Node Information
• Pattern Matching Tree-sitter Nodes
• Parsing Text in Multiple Languages
• Developing major modes with tree-sitter
• Tree-sitter C API Correspondence
• Table of Syntax Classes
• Syntax Flags
• Motion Commands Based on Parsing
• Finding the Parse State for a Position
• Parser State
• Low-Level Parsing
• Parameters to Control Parsing
• Abbrev Tables
• Defining Abbrevs
• Saving Abbrevs in Files
• Looking Up and Expanding Abbreviations
• Standard Abbrev Tables
• Abbrev Properties
• Abbrev Table Properties
• Basic Thread Functions
• Mutexes
• Condition Variables
• The Thread List
• Functions that Create Subprocesses
• Shell Arguments
• Creating a Synchronous Process
• Creating an Asynchronous Process
• Deleting Processes
• Process Information
• Sending Input to Processes
• Sending Signals to Processes
• Receiving Output from Processes
• Sentinels: Detecting Process Status Changes
• Querying Before Exit
• Accessing Other Processes
• Transaction Queues
• Network Connections
• Network Servers
• Datagrams
• Low-Level Network Access
• Misc Network Facilities
• Communicating with Serial Ports
• Packing and Unpacking Byte Arrays
• Process Buffers
• Process Filter Functions
• Decoding Process Output
• Accepting Output from Processes
• make-network-process
• Network Options
• Testing Availability of Network Features
• Describing Data Layout
• Functions to Unpack and Pack Bytes
• Advanced data layout specifications
• Refreshing the Screen
• Forcing Redisplay
• Truncation
• The Echo Area
• Reporting Warnings
• Invisible Text
• Selective Display
• Temporary Displays
• Overlays
• Size of Displayed Text
• Line Height
• Faces
• Fringes
• Scroll Bars
• Window Dividers
• The display Property
• Images
• Buttons
• Abstract Display
• Blinking Parentheses
• Character Display
• Beeping
• Window Systems
• Tooltips
• Bidirectional Display
• Displaying Messages in the Echo Area
• Reporting Operation Progress
• Logging Messages in *Messages*
• Echo Area Customization
• Warning Basics
• Warning Variables
• Warning Options
• Delayed Warnings
• Managing Overlays
• Overlay Properties
• Searching for Overlays
• Face Attributes
• Defining Faces
• Face Attribute Functions
• Displaying Faces
• Face Remapping
• Functions for Working with Faces
• Automatic Face Assignment
• Basic Faces
• Font Selection
• Looking Up Fonts
• Fontsets
• Low-Level Font Representation
• Fringe Size and Position
• Fringe Indicators
• Fringe Cursors
• Fringe Bitmaps
• Customizing Fringe Bitmaps
• The Overlay Arrow
• Display Specs That Replace The Text
• Specified Spaces
• Pixel Specification for Spaces
• Other Display Specifications
• Displaying in the Margins
• Image Formats
• Image Descriptors
• XBM Images
• XPM Images
• ImageMagick Images
• Other Image Types
• Defining Images
• Showing Images
• Multi-Frame Images
• Image Cache
• Button Properties
• Button Types
• Making Buttons
• Manipulating Buttons
• Button Buffer Commands
• Abstract Display Functions
• Abstract Display Example
• Usual Display Conventions
• Display Tables
• Active Display Table
• Glyphs
• Glyphless Character Display
• Starting Up Emacs
• Getting Out of Emacs
• Operating System Environment
• User Identification
• Time of Day
• Time Conversion
• Parsing and Formatting Times
• Processor Run time
• Time Calculations
• Timers for Delayed Execution
• Idle Timers
• Terminal Input
• Terminal Output
• Sound Output
• Operating on X11 Keysyms
• Batch Mode
• Session Management
• Desktop Notifications
• Notifications on File Changes
• Dynamically Loaded Libraries
• Security Considerations
• Summary: Sequence of Actions at Startup
• The Init File
• Terminal-Specific Initialization
• Command-Line Arguments
• Killing Emacs
• Suspending Emacs
• Input Modes
• Recording Input
• Packaging Basics
• Simple Packages
• Multi-file Packages
• Creating and Maintaining Package Archives
• Emacs Lisp Coding Conventions
• Key Binding Conventions
• Emacs Programming Tips
• Tips for Making Compiled Code Fast
• Tips for Avoiding Compiler Warnings
• Tips for Documentation Strings
• Tips on Writing Comments
• Conventional Headers for Emacs Libraries
• Building Emacs
• Pure Storage
• Garbage Collection
• Stack-allocated Objects
• Memory Usage
• C Dialect
• Writing Emacs Primitives
• Writing Dynamically-Loaded Modules
• Object Internals
• C Integer Types
• Module Initialization Code
• Writing Module Functions
• Conversion Between Lisp and Module Values
• Miscellaneous Convenience Functions for Modules
• Nonlocal Exits in Modules
• Buffer Internals
• Window Internals
• Process Internals

Manual

Emacs Lisp 29.4

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